King Æthelred (Ethelred) (Æþelræd) II "The Unready" of England
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
2Web site.
Ethelred II, the Unready (978-1016 AD)
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He succeeded to the throne after the murder of his half-brother, Edward II, the Martyr, at the age of ten. His reign was plagued by poor advice from his personal favorites and suspicions of his complicity in Edward's murder. His was a rather long and ineffective reign, which was notable for little other than the payment of the Danegeld, an attempt to buy off the Viking invaders with money. The relentless invasions by the Danish Vikings, coupled with their ever-escalating demands for more money, forced him to abandon his throne in 1013. He fled to Normandy for safety, but was later recalled to his old throne at the death of Svein Forkbeard in 1014. He died in London in 1016.
(http://www.britannia.com/history/monarchs/mon14.html).3Web site.
According to William of Malmesbury, Ethelred defecated in the baptismal font as a child, which led St. Dunstan to prophesy that the English monarchy would be overthrown during Ethelred's reign. This story is, however, almost certainly a fabrication. Ethelred succeeded to the throne aged about 10 following the death of his father King Edgar and subsequent murder of his half-brother Edward the Martyr. His nickname "The Unready" does not mean that he was ill-prepared, but derives from the Anglo-Saxon unræd meaning without counsel. This is also a pun on his name, Æþelræd, which means "Well advised". Ethelred had at least sixteen children from two marriages, the first to Ælfgifu, the daughter of Thored, the ealdorman of Northumbria and the second, in 1002, to Emma of Normandy, whose great-nephew, William I of England, would later use this relationship as the basis of his claim on the throne. England had experienced a long period of peace after the reconquest of the Danelaw in the first half of the 10th Century. However in 991 Ethelred was faced with a Viking fleet larger than any since Guthrum's "Summer Army" a century earlier. This fleet was led by Olaf Trygvasson, a Norwegian with ambitions to reclaim his country from under Danish domination. After initial military setbacks including the defeat of his Ealdorman Birhtnoth at the Battle of Maldon, Ethelred was able to come to terms with Olaf, who returned to Norway to gain his kingdom with mixed success. While this arrangement won him some respite England faced further depredations from Viking raids. Ethelred fought these off, but in many cases followed the practice of earlier kings including Alfred the Great in buying them off by payment of what was to become known as Danegeld. Ethelred ordered the massacre of the Danes living in England on St Brice's Day (November 13) 1002, in response to which Sweyn Haraldsson started a series of determined campaigns to conquer England. In this he succeeded, but after his victory, he only lived for another five weeks. In 1013, Ethelred fled to Normandy, seeking protection by his brother-in-law, Robert of Normandy, when England was over-run by Sweyn Haraldsson of Denmark and his forces. He returned in February, 1014, following the death of Sweyn Haraldsson. Ethelred died on April 23, 1016, in London, where he was buried. He was succeeded by his son, Edmund II of England. Despite the steady stream of viking attacks, Ethelred's reign was far from the disaster described by chroniclers writing well after the event. Ethelred introduced major reforms of the machinery of government in Anglo-Saxon England, and is responsible for the introduction of Shire Reeves or Sheriffs. The quality of the coinage, always a good indicator of the prevailing economic conditions, remained very high during his reign. Rank: 15th
Ethelred II (Old English: Æþelred) (c. 968 - April 23, 1016)
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Known as the Unready, was a King of England (978 - 1013 and 1014 - 1016).
Ruled: March 18, 978-December 25, 1013
and February 2, 1014-April 23, 1016
Predecessor: Edward the Martyr
Date of Birth: 968
Place of Birth: Wessex
Wives: Ælfgifu and Emma
Buried: Old Saint Paul's Cathedral
Date of Death: April 23, 1016
Parents: Edgar and Ælfthryth
(http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Ethelred_II_of_England).4Web site.
Æthelred II, the Unready, King of England
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Born: c968
Died: 1016
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Father: Edgar the Peaceful, King of England
Mother: Elfrida
Married (1): Ælfgifu
Children:
Edmund II, Ironside, King of England
Edwy
Married (2): Emma
Children:
Alfred
Edward the Confessor, King of England
Goda
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King of England 978-1016
Æthelred II succeeded his brother Edward when he was murdered in 978. He negotiated a peace treaty with Duke Richard II of Normandy, and married his sister Emma. Throught his reign, he fought many successful battles against the Welsh, mainly in Cornwal and Cumbria. Although he paid tribute to the Danes throughout his reign, in 1013 King Sweyn of Denmark and Norway invaded England and Æthelred fled to Normandy. He returned the next year when Sweyn died to contend with his son and successor Cnut. He died in 1016, the same year Cnut conquered all of England.
(http://www.ghgcorp.com/shetler/oldimp/493.html).5The British Royal Household, History of the Monarchy -- The Kings and Queens of England, (http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page10.asp).
Kings of Wessex and England
(http://www.royal.gov.uk/files/pdf/wessex.pdf).
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
2Web site.
Upon the Danish invasion of England in 1013, Emma took her sons by Ethelred - Alfred and Edward - to Normandy, where they remained upon her return to England to marry Canute, now king of England following the death of Ethelred and his son (her step-son) Edmund Ironside. Following Canute's death, Alfred and Edward returned in 1036, possibly in an attempt to overthrow Canute's illegitimate son Harold Harefoot, who had established himself as ruler in the absence of Harthacanute, son of Canute and Emma. Alfred was captured and died after being blinded, while Edward escaped to Normandy, followed by his mother. The death of Harold in 1040 and the accession of the more conciliatory Harthacanute paved the way for Edward's return to England the next year as co-ruler and (1042) king on Harthacanute's death. Emma returned to end her days at Winchester, Hampshire, where she was buried alongside Canute. Emma's marriages and subsequent role forged the link between England and Normandy which was to culminate in her grandnephew William of Normandy's invasion of England in 1066.
Emma of Normandy
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Emma (c. 982-March 6, 1052), daughter of Richard I, Duke of Normandy, by his second wife Gunnora, was twice queen of England, by marriage first (1002-1016) to king Ethelred the Unready and then (1017-1035) to Canute, king also of Denmark and Norway.
(http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Emma_of_Normandy).
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
King Edward III "The Confessor" of England
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
2Web site.
The king Ethelred the Unready, Edward and his brother Alfred were taken to Normandy by their mother Emma, sister of Normandy's duke Richard II, to escape the Danish invasion of England in 1013. During his quarter-century of exile, Edward developed a familiarity with Normandy and its leaders which was to influence his later rule. Returning to England with Alfred in an abortive attempt (1036) to displace Harold Harefoot from the throne, Edward escaped to Normandy after Alfred's capture and death. He was invited back to England in 1041, this time as co-ruler with his half-brother Harthacanute (son of Emma and Canute), on whose death on June 8, 1042, he ascended the throne. Edward was crowned at Winchester Cathedral on April 3, 1043. Edward's sympathies for Norman favourites frustrated Saxon and Danish nobles alike, fuelling the growth of anti-Norman opinion led by Godwin, Earl of Wessex, who had become the king's father-in-law in 1045. Exiled in September 1051, Godwin returned with an armed following a year later, forcing the king to restore his title. Godwin died in 1053, but his son Harold accumulated even greater territories, and in January 1066 took the throne upon Edward's death. Edward married Edith of Wessex on January 23, 1045. It was a spiritual marriage, with Edward refusing to consummate it for religious reasons. William of Normandy, who had visited England during Godwin's exile, claimed that the childless Edward had promised him the succession to the throne, and his successful bid for the English crown put an end to Harold's nine-month kingship following a 7000-strong Norman invasion. Edward was known as the last English King, but it should be noted that 'English' (or Anglisc) at the time meant descended from the Anglo-Saxons, not native to England. Edward's reign marks a transition between the 10th century West Saxon kingship of England and the Norman monarchy which followed Harold's death. The great earldoms established under Canute grew in power, while Norman influence became a powerful factor in government and in the leadership of the Church.
Edward the Confessor
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Edward the Confessor (c. 1004 - January 5, 1066) was the penultimate Saxon king of England (1042 - 1066). His reign foreshadowed the country's later connection with Normandy, whose duke William I was to supplant Edward's successor Harold as England's ruler.
==========
St Edward the Confessor
Rank: 21st
Ruled: June 8, 1042-January 5, 1066
Predecessor: Harthacanute
Date of Birth: 1004
Place of Birth: Islip, Oxfordshire, England
Wife: Edith of Wessex
Buried: Westminster Abbey
Date of Death: January 4, 1066
Parents: Ethelred II and Emma
=============
(http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Edward_the_Confessor).3The British Royal Household, History of the Monarchy -- The Kings and Queens of England, (http://www.royal.gov.uk/output/Page10.asp).
Kings of Essex and England
(http://www.royal.gov.uk/files/pdf/wessex.pdf).
King Canute "The Great" of Denmark
1Web site.
Accompanying his father on his successful invasion of England in August 1013, Canute was proclaimed king by the Danish fleet on Sweyn's death the following February, but returned to Denmark (April 1014) on the restoration of the defeated king Ethelred the Unready by the Witenagemot of English nobles. Invading England once more (August 1015), Canute fought a series of inconclusive conflicts with the English led by Ethelred and (from April 1016) by Ethelred's son, Edmund II of England until his crushing victory (October 1016) at Assandun (Ashingdon, Essex, England). Meeting on an island in the river Severn, Canute and Edmund agreed to divide the kingdom, but Edmund's death (November 1016) left Canute as sole ruler, leading to his acclamation as king by the Witenagemot in January 1017. Canute solidified his new position as supreme ruler by marrying Ethelred's widow, Emma of Normandy, daughter of Richard the Fearless, duke of Normandy. In doing so, he strengthened political and commercial ties between England and Normandy while establishing his intentions to rule in a Christian fashion, as Emma was very devout. As king of England, Canute combined English and Danish institutions and personnel. His mutilation in April 1014 of the hostages taken by his father in pledge of English loyalty is remembered above all as being uncharacteristic of his rule. His codification (c.1020) of England's laws overlaid an element of uniformity on Saxon tradition. By dividing the country (1017) after the Danish fashion into the four great earldoms of Wessex, Mercia, East Anglia and Northumbria, he instituted the system of territorial lordships which would underlie English government for centuries. The very last Danegeld ever to be paid, a sum of £82,500, was paid to Canute in 1018. He felt secure enough to send the invasion fleet back to Denmark with a payment of £72,000 that same year. In order to associate his line with the overthrown English dynasty and to insure himself against attack from Normandy (place of exile of Ethelred's sons Edward and Alfred), Canute married (July 1017) Ethelred's widow Emma of Normandy, later designating their son Harthacanute as heir in preference to Harold, his (illegitimate?) son by Aelgifu, a concubine. In 1018 (or 1019) Canute succeeded his elder brother Harold II as king of Denmark, and in 1028 he conquered Norway with a fleet of fifty ships from England: his attempt to govern Norway through Aelgifu and Harold ended, however, in rebellion and the restoration of the former Norwegian dynasty under Magnus I.
Canute the Great
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Canute (or Cnut) I, or Canute the Great (Danish Knud den Store) (994/995 - November 12, 1035) was king of England, Denmark and Norway and governor or overlord of Schleswig and Pomerania. He was the son of sea-king Sweyn Forkbeard, also reputed to be a member of the Jomsburg Vikings, a military outfit of mercenary warriors with a fortress based in today's Poland. There is still some dispute among historians over the existence of the Jomsvikings. Canute's mother was Gunhild (formerly Swiatoslawa, daughter of Mieszko I of Poland). While his father, Sweyn, remained pagan to the end of his life. Canute was reared by a mother whose own mother had been abducted from a religious house and married to the first Duke of Poland, Mieszko (or Miraslav, Mieczyslaw), who later adopted Christianity for political reasons. (Prince Mieszko I Christianized Poland after the wedding to Dobrowa, the mother of Swiatoslawa and Boleslaw Chrobry.)
Silver coin coined for Canute the GreatConrad II, Holy Roman Emperor was friendly with Canute and had his young son Henry married to Canute's daughter Cunigunde (Gunhilda). The emperor gave Canute the Mark of Schleswig and Pomerania to govern. The later was probably the fief of Canute, since Boleslaus I of Poland sent his army helping Canute to conquer England. Canute is generally regarded as a wise and successful king of England, although this view may in part be attributable to his good treatment of the church, which controlled the history writers of the day. Thus we see him described even today as a religious man, despite the fact that he lived openly in what was effectively a bigamous relationship, and despite his responsibility for many political murders. He is perhaps best remembered for the legend of how he commanded the waves to go back. According to the legend, he grew tired of flattery from his courtiers. When one such flatterer gushed that the king could even command the obedience of the sea, Canute proved him wrong by practical demonstration, his point being that even a king's powers have limits. Unfortunately, this legend is sometimes misunderstood to mean that he believed himself so powerful that the natural elements would obey him, and that his failure to command the tides only made him look foolish. It is quite possible that the legend is simply pro-Canute propaganda. Canute died in 1035, at Shaftesbury in Dorset, and was buried at Winchester. On his death, Canute was succeeded in Denmark by Harthacanute, reigning as Canute III. Harold took power in England, however, ruling until his death (1040), whereupon the two crowns were again briefly reunited under Harthacanute.
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Ruled (England): November 30, 1016-November 12, 1035
Predecessor (England): Edmund II
Date of Birth: 995
Place of Birth: Denmark
Wives: Ælgifu (marriage in Danish manner;
not approved by the Church), Emma
Buried: Winchester Cathedral
Date of Death: November 12, 1035
Parents: Sweyn and Gunhilda
(http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Canute_the_Great).
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
2Web site.
Upon the Danish invasion of England in 1013, Emma took her sons by Ethelred - Alfred and Edward - to Normandy, where they remained upon her return to England to marry Canute, now king of England following the death of Ethelred and his son (her step-son) Edmund Ironside. Following Canute's death, Alfred and Edward returned in 1036, possibly in an attempt to overthrow Canute's illegitimate son Harold Harefoot, who had established himself as ruler in the absence of Harthacanute, son of Canute and Emma. Alfred was captured and died after being blinded, while Edward escaped to Normandy, followed by his mother. The death of Harold in 1040 and the accession of the more conciliatory Harthacanute paved the way for Edward's return to England the next year as co-ruler and (1042) king on Harthacanute's death. Emma returned to end her days at Winchester, Hampshire, where she was buried alongside Canute. Emma's marriages and subsequent role forged the link between England and Normandy which was to culminate in her grandnephew William of Normandy's invasion of England in 1066.
Emma of Normandy
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Emma (c. 982-March 6, 1052), daughter of Richard I, Duke of Normandy, by his second wife Gunnora, was twice queen of England, by marriage first (1002-1016) to king Ethelred the Unready and then (1017-1035) to Canute, king also of Denmark and Norway.
(http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Emma_of_Normandy).
1Web site.
He succeeded his father as King of Denmark in 1035, reigning as Canute III, but he soon agreed to leave his elder illegitimate half-brother Harold Harefoot as regent in charge of Canute's realm of England. Harold took the English crown for himself in 1037, but died (1040) as Harthacanute was preparing to invade. According to the Anglo-Saxon Chronicle, Harthacanute then landed at Sandwich in June, "seven days before Midsummer", and was quickly accepted as king. Being unable to exact vengeance upon his brother while he was still alive, he ordered Harold's body exhumed and thrown into a marsh. Harthacanute was a harsh and very unpopular ruler: he greatly increased the rate of taxation, and perhaps the most notable event of his reign in England was a revolt at Worcester in 1041 against these high taxes. This revolt was crushed, with the near-destruction of Worcester. The story of Lady Godiva riding naked through the streets of Coventry to persuade the local earl to lower taxes comes from the reign of Harthacanute. Harthacanute did, however, make one concession to popular feeling: he invited Edward the Confessor (Emma's son by Ethelred the Unready) back from exile in Normandy to become his co-ruler and heir. He was unmarried and had no children. While drinking at a wedding party in London in 1042, he went into convulsions and died, and this raises the possibility of poisoning. He was buried at Winchester. Edward assumed the throne on Harthacanute's death, restoring the Saxon royal line for his lifetime.
Harthacanute
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Harthacanute (sometimes Hardicanute, Hardecanute; Danish Hardeknud, Canute the Hardy) (1018/1019 - June 8, 1042) was a King of Denmark (1035 - 1042) and England (1035 - 1037, 1040 - 1042). He was the only son of Canute the Great and Emma of Normandy.
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Harthacanute
Rank: 20th
Ruled: March 17, 1040 - June 8, 1042
Predecessor: Harold I
Date of Birth: 1018
Place of Birth: England
Wife: Never married
Buried: Winchester Cathedral
Date of Death: June 8, 1042
Parents: Canute and Emma
==============
(http://www.wordiq.com/definition/Harthacanute).
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
2The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R).
Source says "Sp".
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1LM Post (paf@writerspost.com), An undocumented individual.
This individual was added to facilitate sealing to parents. To date, I have no documentation to verify any specifics on this individual.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.
1The Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints, Ancestral File (R), Copyright (c) 1987, June 1998, data as of 5 January 1998, Family History Library, 35 N West Temple Street, Salt Lake City, Utah 84150 USA.